This list of all articles in the backnumbers of the Agricultural History Review provides links to individual .pdf files of the articles, and may be searched using the EDIT FIND command from your browser menus
Volume 1 (1953)
Editorial
p.1
Sir J. Scott Watson Some
Traditional
Farming
Beliefs in the light of Modern Science 4
Notes and Comments p.8
M. W. Beresford The Poll Tax and
Census of Sheep,
1549 p.9
Joan Thirsk The Isle of Axholme before Vermuyden p.16
W. E. Minchington Agricultural
Returns and the
Government during the Napoleonic Wars p.29
John Rowe A Cornish Farmer in
Ontario, 1830-71
p.44
G. E. Fussell List of Books and Articles on Agricultural History, 1952-3
p.48
The British Agricultural History Society p.52
Volume 2 (1954)
The British Agricultural History Society page 2
W. G. Hoskins Regional Farming in England p.3
H. P. R. Finberg An Early Reference
to the Welsh
Cattle Trade p.12
M. W. Beresford The Poll Tax and
Census of Sheep,
1549 (cont.)p. 15
H. C. Darby Some Early Ideas on the
Agricultural
Regions of England p.30
W. H. Chaloner Bibliography of Recent Work on Enclosure, the Open
Fields, and related topics p.48
Notes and Comments pp.14, 53
03.1 (1955)
The British Agricultural History Society page 2
R. H. Hilton The Content and Sources
of English
Agrarian History before
1500 3
Notes and Comments pp.19, 25
T. D. Davidson The Untilled Field
p.20
Eric Kerridge A Reconsideration of
Some Former
Husbandry Practices p.26
Joan Thirsk List of Books and Articles on Agrarian History issued since
September 1953 p.41
03.2 (1955)
Joan Thirsk The Content and Sources
of English
Agrarian History after
1500 page 66
S. R. Eyre The Curving Plough-strip
and its
Historical Implications p.80
G. E. Fussell Crop Nutrition in Tudor and Early Stuart England
p.95
J. D. Gould Mr Beresford and the Lost Villages: a Comment
p.107
J. H. SmithThe Cattle Trade of
Aberdeenshire in
the Nineteenth Century
p.114
Joan Thirsk Work in Progress
p.119
Volume 4 part 1 (1956)
H. P. R. Finberg An Agrarian History
of England
page 2
J. T. Coppock The Statistical
Assessment of
British Agriculture p. 4
H. A. Beecham A Review of Balks as
Strip
Boundaries in the Open
Fields p.22
A. C. Todd An Answer to Poverty in
Sussex, 1830-45
p.45
Joan Thirsk List of Books and Articles on Agrarian History issued since
September 1954 52
Volume 4 part 2 (1956)
J. T. Coppock The Statistical
Assessment of
British Agriculture (cont.)
page 66
Margaret Davies Rhosili Open Field and Related South Wales Field
Patterns p.80
Cyril Tyler The Development of Feeding Standards for Livestock p.97
G. E. Mingay Estate Management in Eighteenth-Century Kent p.108
Joan Thirsk Work in Progress p.114
Letters to the Editor p.121
Volume 5 part 1 (1957)
J. W. Franks Pollen
Analysis: a
technique for investigating early agrarian history page 2
K.J. Allison The Sheep-Corn
Husbandry of Norfolk in the Sixteenth and
Seventeenth Centuries p.12
Malcolm Gray The
Consolidation of the
Crofting
System p.31
W. H. Chaloner The Agricultural Activities of John Wilkinson;
Ironmaster p.48
Joan Thirsk List of Books and Articles on Agrarian History issued since
September 1955 p.52
05.2 (1957)
Axel Steensberg Some recent Danish
Experiments in
Neolithic Agriculture
page 66
F. G. Payne The British Plough: Some
Stages in its
Development p.74
Elspeth M. Veale The Rabbit in England p.85
L. F. Salzman Some Notes on
Shepherds' Staves
p.91
Joan Thirsk Work in Progress p.95
06.1 (1958)
R A Donkin, Cistercian sheep-farming and wool-sales in the thirteenth century, pp 2-8
Dorothy Sylvester, The common fields of the coastlands of Gwent, pp 9-26
George Houston, Labour relations in Scottish agriculture before 1870, pp 27-41
Joan Thirsk, List of books and articles on agrarian history issued since September 1956, pp 42-51
06.2 (1958)
Shimon Applebaum, Agriculture in Roman Britain, pp 66-86
Alan Simpson, The East Anglian foldcourse: some queries, pp 87-96
Alan Harris, The lost village and the landscape of the Yorkshire Wolds, pp 97-100
Joan Thirsk, Work in progress, pp 101-110
Letters to the Editor, pp 111-113
07.1 (1959)
M L Ryder, The animal remains found at Kirkstall Abbey, pp 1-5
H Cecil Pawson, Some agricultural history salvaged, pp 6-13
H C Prince, The tithe surveys of the mid-nineteenth century, pp 14-26
Thomas Davidson, Plough rituals in England and Scotland, pp 27-37
Joan Thirsk, List of books and articles on agrarian history
issued
since September 1957, pp 38-47
Volume 7 part 2 (1959)
J. O'Loan Livestock in the
Brehon Laws
p.65
Reginald Lennard Statistics
of Sheep in Medieval England p.75
Dennis R. Mills Enclosure in
Kesteven p.82
H. G. Hunt Agricultural Rent
in
South-East
England, 1788-1825 p.98
Duncan Mitchell Social
Mobility in Nineteenth-Century Devon
p.108
Joan Thirsk Work in Progress p.110
08.1 (1960)
Robert B. K. Stevenson Notes
on Early
Agriculture in Scotland page 1
E. L. Jones Eighteenth-Century Changes in Hampshire Chalkland Farming p.5
J. A. Mollett The Wheat Act of 1932 p.20
H. Cecil Pawson Plan of an Agricultural Society and Experimental Farm in Northumberland p.36
Joan Thirsk List of Books and Articles on Agrarian History
issued
since September 1958 p.38
08.2 (1960)
A. S. Thomas Chalk, Heather, and Man page 57
G. R. J. Jones The Pattern of Settlement on the Welsh Border p.66
Gordon Donaldson Sources for Scottish Agrarian History before the Eighteenth Century p. 82
H. M. Clark Selion Size and Soil Type p.91
Reginald Lennard The Long and Short Hundred in Agrarian Statistics p.99
W. Harwood Long Regional
Farming in
Seventeenth-Century Yorkshire
p.103
Volume 9 part 1 (1961)
J. T. Coppock
Agricultural Changes in the
Chilterns, 1875-1900
p.1
T. W. Fletcher Lancashire
Livestock Farming
during the Great
Depression p.17
June A. Sheppard East
Yorkshire's Agricultural
Labour Force in the
mid-Nineteenth Century p.43
Joan Thirsk List of Books and Articles on Agrarian History
issued
since September 1959 p.55
Volume 9 part 2 (1961)
M. A. Havinden Agricultural Progress in Open-field Oxfordshire page 73
E. R. R. Green On Open Town-fields p.84
Jeffrey Radley Holly as a
Winter Feed p.89
George Houston Agricultural
Statistics in
Scotland before 1866 p.93
R. A. Butlin Some Terms used
in Agrarian
History: a Glossary p.98
M. L. Ryder Livestock
Remains from Four
Medieval Sites in Yorkshire
p.105
Letter to the Editor p.111
Work in Progress p.112
Volume 10 part 1 (1962)
J. Z. Titow Some Differences
between Manors and
their Effects on the
Condition of the Peasant in the Thirteenth Century page1
E. Hopkins The Re-leasing of the Ellesmere Estates, 1637-1642 p.14
C. W. Chalklin The Rural Economy of a Kentish Wealden Parish,1650-1750 p.29
Joan Thirsk List of Books and Articles on Agrarian History issued since September 1960 p.46
10.2 (1962)
David M. Wilson Anglo-Saxon
Rural Economy: a
Survey of the
Archaeological Evidence and a Suggestion page 65
M. R. Postgate The Field
Systems of Breckland
p.80
E. L. Jones The Changing Basis of
English
Agricultural Prosperity, 1853
- 73 p.102
Volume 11 part 1 (1963)
S. Applebaum The Pattern of
Settlement in Roman
Britain page 1
W. Harwood Long The Development of
Mechanization
in English Farming p.15
Edith H. Whetham Livestock Prices in Britain, 1851-93 p.27
List of Books and Articles on Agrarian History issued since
September
1961 p.36
11.2 (1963)
Alexander Fenton Skene of
Hallyard's Manuscript
Of Husbandrie page 65
D. B. Grigg The Land Tax
Returns p.82
S. A. Johnson Enclosure and
Changing
Agricultural Landscapes in
Lindsey p.95
Joan Thirsk Work in Progress p.103
Letters to the Editor p.112
12.1 (1964)
M. L. Ryder The History of Sheep
Breeds in Britain
page 1
M. W. Beresford Dispersed and Grouped
Settlement
in Medieval Cornwall
p.13
W. G. Hoskins Harvest Fluctuations and English Economic
History,1480-1619 p.28
Joan Thirsk List of Books and Articles on Agrarian History issued since
September 1962 p.47
12.2 (1964)
M. L. Ryder The History of Sheep
Breeds in Britain
(ctd) page 65
Reginald Lennard Agrarian History: some Vistas and Pitfalls
p.83
R. A. Butlin Northumberland Field
Systems p.99
E. M. Yates Map of Over Haddon and
Meadowplace, c.
1528 p.121
E. H. Whetham Land Tenure and the Commercialization of Agriculture
p.125
13.1 (1965)
E. A. Cox and B. R. Dittmer The Tithe
Files of the
Mid-Nineteenth
Century page 1
D. C. D. Pocock Some Former
Hop-growing Centres
p.17
C. R. Tubbs The Development of the Smallholding and Cottage
Stock-keeping Economy of the New Forest p.23
A. E. B. Owen A Thirteenth-century
Agreement on
Water for Livestock in
the Lindsey Marsh p.40
Francis W. Steer Further Notes on
Shepherds' Staves47
Joan Thirsk List of Books and Articles on Agrarian History issued since
September 1963 p.50
13.2 (1965)
T.C. Smout and Alexander Fenton Scottish Agriculture before the Improvers--an Exploration p.73
J. Geraint Jenkins Technological Improvement and Social Change in South Cardiganshire p.94
Brian Loughborough An Account of a Yorkshire Enclosure--Staxton 1803 p.l06
Alan Everitt Work in Progress p.116
Letter to the Editor p.125
14.1 (1966)
Alan R. H. Baker Field Systems in the Vale of Holmesdale page 1
L. A. Clarkson The Leather Crafts in Tudor and Stuart England p.25
T. W. Beastall A South Yorkshire Estate in the Late Nineteenth Century p.40
P. T. Wheeler Landownership and the Crofting System in Sutherland since 1800 p.45
H. A. Beecham List of Books and Articles on Agrarian History issued since September 1964 p.57
Letter to the Editor p.24
14.2 (1966)
Rosamond Jane Faith, Peasant families and inheritance customs in medieval England, pp 77-95
J M Martin, Landownership and the land tax returns, pp 96-103
R W Sturgess, The agricultural revolution on the English clays, pp 104-121
Brian J R Blench, Seaweed
and its use in Jersey
agriculture, pp
122-128
15.1 (1967)
J M Martin, The parliamentary enclosure movement and rural society in Warwickshire, pp 19-39
D J Siddle, The rural economy of medieval Holderness, pp 40-45
H A Beecham, List of books and articles on agrarian history
issued
since September 1965, pp 46-53
15.2 (1967)
E J T Collins and E L Jones,
Sectoral advance
in English
agriculture, 1850-1880, pp 65-81
R W Sturgess, The agricultural revolution on the English clays: a rejoinder, pp 82-87
Julian Bartys, English and Scottish farmers in Poland in the first half of the nineteenth century, pp 88-102
G Whittington, Towards a terminology for strip lynchets, pp 103-107
Ian Beckwith, The remodelling of a common-field system, pp 108-112
Alan Everitt, Work in progress, pp 113-126
16.1 (1968)
Colin Thomas, Thirteenth-century farm economies in North Wales, pp 1-14
W G Hoskins, Harvest fluctuations and English economic history, 1620-1759, pp 15-31
P Searby, Great Dodford and the later history of the Chartist land scheme, pp 32-45
E H Whetham, Sectoral advance in English agriculture, 1850-80: a summary, pp 46-48
John Rowe, An early West-Country sheep farmer in Australia, pp 49-53
H A Beecham, List of books and articles on agrarian history
issued
since September 1966, pp 54-59
16.2 (1968)
Ernest A Pocock, The first fields in an Oxfordshire parish, pp 85-100
B K Roberts, A study of medieval colonization in the Forest of Arden, Warwickshire, pp 101-113
J P D Dunbabin, The incidence and organization of agricultural trades unionism in the 1870s, pp 114-141
James R Coull, Crofters' common grazings in Scotland, pp 142-154
M L Ryder, Sheep and the clearances in the Scottish Highlands: a biologist's view, pp 155-158
Lucia Pearson, A note on the
history of
black-eared White Cattle, pp
159-160
17.1 (1969)
David Roden, Demesne farming in the Chiltern Hills, pp 9-23
James Yelling, The combination and rotation of crops in east Worcestershire, 1540-1660, pp 24-43
A D M Phillips, Underdraining and the English claylands: a review, pp 44-55
H A Beecham, List of books and articles on agrarian history, pp 56-63
17.2 (1969)
Jean Birrell Peasant Craftsmen in the Medieval Forest p.91
David G. Hey A Dual Economy in South Yorkshire p.108
Alan R. H. Baker Some Terminological Problems in Studies of British Field Systems p.136
R. A. Butlin Recent Developments in Studies of the Terminology of Agrarian Landscapes p.141
W. H. Chaloner A Note on the Origins of the 'Broiler' Industry p.161
18.1
(1970)
John Hatcher Non-Manorialism
in Medieval
Cornwall page 1
E. J. Evans Tithing Customs
and Disputes : the
Evidence of Glebe
Terriers, 1698-1850 p.17
Richard Perren The Landlord
and Agricultural
Transformation,
1870-1900 p.36
Leslie G. Matthews
Harvesting by the Gauls: the
Forerunner of the
Combine Harvester p.52
Olive Robinson The London
Companies and Tenant
Right in
Nineteenth-Century Ireland p.54
John Sheail List of Books and Articles on Agrarian
Historyissued since June 1968 p.6 4
18.2 (1970)
John Kew, The disposal of crown lands and the Devon land market, 1536-58, pp 93-105
R A French, The three-field system in sixteenth-century Lithuania, pp 106-125
Dennis Baker, The marketing of corn in the first half of the eighteenth century: north-east Kent, pp. 126-150
Tom Donnelly, Arthur Clephane, Edinburgh merchant and seedsman, 1706-30, pp 151-160
David Hey, Work in progress, pp 161-172
19.1 (1971)
Andrew Fleming, Bronze Age agriculture on the marginal lands of north-east Yorkshire, pp 1-24
Ian Gentles, The management of the crown lands, 1649-60, pp 25-41
Michael Williams, The enclosure and reclamation of the Mendip Hills, 1770-1870, pp 65-81
David Hey, List of books and articles on agrarian history issued since June 1969, pp 82-87
L A Clarkson, Agriculture
and the development
of the Australian
economy during the nineteenth century: review article, pp
88-96
19.2 (1971)
P F Brandon, Demesne arable farming in coastal Sussex during the later middle ages, pp 113-134
C J Harrison, Grain price analysis and harvest qualities, 1465-1634, pp 135-155
D J Rowe, The Culleys, Northumberland farmers, 1767-1813, pp 156-174
John Sheail, Changes in the
supply of wild
rabbits, 1790-1910, pp
175-177
20.1 (1972)
John Patten, Village and town: an occupational study, pp 1-16
J P Boxall, The Sussex breed of cattle in the nineteenth century, pp 17-29
C R Twidale, 'Lands' or relict strip fields in South Australia, pp 46-60
David H Kennett, Wheat and malt prices in Cambridge in the late eighteenth century, pp 61-63
David Hey, List of books and articles on agrarian history
issued
since June 1970, pp 64-75
20.2 (1972)
Ian Blanchard, The miner and the agricultural community in late medieval England, pp 93-106
E L Jones, The bird pests of British agriculture in recent centuries, pp 107-125
B A Holderness, 'Open' and 'close' parishes in England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, pp 126-139
Stuart Elliott, The open-field system of an urban community: Stamford in the nineteenth century, pp 155-169
G E Fussell, The genesis of the British Agricultural History Society, pp 169, 182.
P D A Harvey, Agricultural
treatises and
manorial accounting in
medieval England: review article, pp 170-182.
J A Yelling, Changes in crop production in east Worcestershire 1540-1867, pp 18-34
Michael E Turner, The cost of parliamentary enclosure in Buckinghamshire, pp 35-46
Alan R H Baker, A relatively neglected field form: the headland ridge, pp 47-50
David Hey, List of books and articles on agrarian history
issued
since June 1971, pp 57-65
21.2 (1973)
G F R Spenceley, The origins
of the English
pillow lace industry, pp
81-93
Wendy Davies, Unciae: land measurement in the Liber Landavensis, pp 111-121
C S L Davies, Peasant revolt in France and England: a comparison, pp 122-134
Eric John, The Agrarian
History of England and
Wales Volume I, pp
135-139
22.1 (1974)
R J Colyer, Some Welsh
breeds of cattle in the
nineteenth century,
pp 1-17
John H Harvey, The stocks held by early nurseries, pp 18-35
Edith H Whetham, The Agriculture Act 1920 and its repeal - the 'Great Betrayal', pp 36-49
Claus Bjorn, The study of the agrarian history of Denmark: a brief introduction to the literature, pp 50-53
John Hatcher, Myths, miners and agricultural communities, pp 54-61
Ian Blanchard, Rejoinder: Stannator fabulosus, pp 62-74
David Hey, Annual list and brief review of articles on
agrarian
history, pp 75-81
22.2 (1974)
Eric Richards, 'Leviathan of
wealth': West
Midland agriculture,
1800-50, pp 97-117
June A Sheppard, Metrological analysis of regular village plans in Yorkshire, pp 118-135
L A Clarkson, The English bark trade, 1660-1830, pp 136-152
David Taylor, The English dairy industry, 1860-1930: the need for a reassessment, pp 153-159
A R Mitchell, Sir Richard Weston and the spread of clover cultivation, pp 160-161
David Hey, Work in progress, pp 162-177
Sarah Carter, List of books and pamphlets on agrarian history
issued
since June 1972, pp 178-185
23.1 (1975)
J A Perkins, Tenure, tenant
right and
agricultural progress in
Lindsey, 1780-1850, pp 1-22
F Beavington, The development of market gardening in Bedfordshire 1799-1939, pp 23-47
Janet Blackman, The cattle trade and agrarian change on the eve of the railway age, pp 48-62
Stuart Macdonald, The progress of the early threshing machine, pp 63-77
David Hey, Annual list and brief review of articles on
agrarian
history, pp 84-88
23.2 (1975)
E J T Collins, Dietary
change and cereal
consumption in Britain in
the nineteenth century, pp 97-115
R W Unwin, A nineteenth-century estate sale: Wetherby 1824, pp 116-138
Cormac OGrada, The investment behaviour of Irish landlords 1850-75: some preliminary findings, pp 139-155
Robert S Dilley, The customary acre: an indeterminate measure, pp 173-176
Sarah Carter, List of books and pamphlets on agrarian history
1974,
pp 177-186
24.1 (1976)
John Chapman, Parliamentary
enclosure in the
uplands: the case of
the North York Moors, pp 1-17
Juliet Clutton-Brock, George Garrard's livestock models, pp 18-29
Kenneth Hutton, The distribution of wheelhouses in Britain, pp 30-35
Richard Grove, Coprolite mining in Cambridgeshire, pp 36-43
Eric Kerridge, Review article: British field systems, pp 48-50
Raine Morgan, Annual list and brief review of articles on
agrarian
history, pp 51-62
24.2 (1976)
B A Holderness, Credit in
English rural society
before the
nineteenth century, with special reference to the period 1650-1720,
pp
97-109
John Sheail, Land improvement and reclamation: the experiences of the First World War in England and Wales, pp 110-125
J A Perkins, The prosperity of farming on the Lindsey uplands, 1813-37, pp 126-143
R W England, The Cluster potato: John Howard's achievement in scientific farming, pp 144-148
Alan Everitt, Review article: fields, farms, and families: agrarian history in Kent, pp 149-152
Sarah Carter, List of books and pamphlets on agrarian history 1975, pp 153-159
Michael Martin, Letter to the editor, p 160
25.1 (1977)
JOHN HIGGS 'Twenty-five Years On' page 1
WILLIAM N. PARKER From the Colonies: a Tempered Tribute p.6
J. H. BETTEY The Development of Water Meadows in Dorset during the Seventeenth Century p.37
RAINE MORGANAnnual List and Brief R.eview of Articles oil Agrarian History, 1975 p.44
25.2 (1977)
Michael Turner, Enclosure commissioners and Buckinghamshire parliamentary enclosure, pp 120-129
Sarah Carter, List of books and pamphlets on agrarian history,
1976,
pp 130-140
26.1 (1978)
Robert A Dodgshon, Land
improvement in Scottish
farming: marl and
lime in Roxburghshire and Berwickshire in the eighteenth century,
pp
1-14
J R Fisher, The Farmers' Alliance: an agricultural protest movement of the 1880s, pp 15-25
N E Fox, The spread of the threshing machine in central southern England, pp 26-28
Stuart Macdonald, Further progress with the early threshing machine: a rejoinder, pp 29-32
Shimon Applebaum, White and the Rustici, pp 33-36
Raine Morgan, Annual list and brief review of articles on agrarian history, 1976, pp 37-46
David Cannadine, The landowner as millionaire: part IV, p 47
26.2 (1978)
SUE FARRANT John Ellman of
Glynde in Sussex
page 77
R. A. WASSON The
Third Earl Spencer and
Agriculture, 1818-1845
p.89
PAMELA HORN The
Dorset Dairy System
p.100
JOHN CHAPMAN Some
Problems in the
Interpretation of Enclosure
Awards p.108
DAVID HEY Work in Progress p.115
SARAH CARTER List of
Books and Pamphlets on Agrarian
History
1977 p.127
27.1 (1979)
Ian D Whyte, Written leases and their impact on Scottish agriculture in the seventeenth century, pp 1-9
Andrew Jones, Land measurement in England, 1150-1350, pp 10-18
W J Carlyle, The changing distribution of breeds of sheep in Scotland, 1795-1965, pp 19-29
Stuart Macdonald, The diffusion of knowledge among Northumberland farmers, 1780-1815, pp 30-39
Richard Perren, The landlord and the agricultural transformation, 1870-1900: a rejoinder, pp 43-46
Edith H Whetham, The trade in pedigree livestock, 1850-1910, pp 47-50
Raine Morgan, Annual list and brief review of articles on
agrarian
history, 1977, pp 51-58
27.2 (1979)
Roger Kain, Tithe as an index of pre-industrial agricultural production, pp 73-81
C J Harrison, Elizabethan village surveys: a comment, pp 82-90
P R Edwards, The horse trade of the Midlands in the seventeenth century, pp 90-100
J M Martin, Members of Parliament and enclosure: a reconsideration, pp 101-109
P E Dewey, Government provision of farm labour in England and Wales, 1914-18, pp 110-121
Michael Zell, Accounts of a sheep and corn farm, 1558-60, pp 122-128
Sarah Carter, List of books and pamphlets on agrarian history, 1978, pp 129-134
28.1 (1980)
WRAY VAMPLEW A Grain of Truth: The Nineteenth-Century Corn Averages p.1
CAROLINA LANE The
Development of Pastures and
Meadows during the
Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries p.18
B E S TRUEMAN
Corporate Estate
Management: Guy's Hospital
Agricultural Estates, 1726-1815 p.31
JENNIFER TANN Co-operative Corn Milling: Self-help During the Grain Crises of the Napoleonic Wars p.45
RAINE MORGAN Annual List and Brief Review of Articles on Agrarian History, 1978 p.58
28.2 (1980)
JOHN BROAD Alternate
Husbandry and Permanent
Pasture in the
Midlands, 1650-1800 p.77
A R WILKES Adjustments in
Arable Farming after
the Napoleonic Wars
p.90
DOUGLAS MOSS The Economic
Development of a
Middlesex Village p.104
SALIM RASHID The Scarcity of
1800: A
Contemporary Account p.115
F H W GREEN Field Under-Drainage Before and After 1940 p.120
SARAH CARTER List of Books
and Pamphlets on Agrarian History
1979
p.124
29.1 (1981)
J N HARE The Demesne Lessees
of
Fifteenth-Century Wiltshire p.1
B M S CAMPBELL The Regional
Uniqueness of English
Field Systems? Some
Evidence from Eastern Norfolk p.16
PAULINE FROST Yeomen and Metalsmiths:
Livestock in
the Dual Economy in
South Staffordshire 1560-1720 p.29
SHIMON APPLEBAUM The Essex Achievement p.42
RAINE MORGAN Annual List and Brief Review of Articles on Agrarian
History, 1979 p.45
29.2 (1981)
W A ARMSTRONG The Influence
of Demographic
Factors on the Position
of the Agricultural Labourer in England and Wales, c1750-1914
p.71
CHRISTOPHER CLAY Lifeleasehold in the Western Counties of England 1650-1750 p.83
MARTIN SPRAY Holly as a
Fodder in England
p.97
G E FUSSELL The Origin of
Farming p.111
PATRICK CHORLEY Early
Evidence of Sainfoin
Cultivation Around Paris
p.118
ALISTAIR MUTCH The
Mechanization of the Harvest
in South-West
Lancashire, 1850-1914 p.125
SARAH CARTER List of Books and Pamphlets on Agrarian History 1980 p.133
30.1 (1982)
PAMELA HORN An
Eighteenth-Century Land Agent:
The Career of
Nathaniel Kent (!737-1810) p.1
BRIAN SHORT 'The Art and
Craft of Chicken
Cramming': Poultry in the
Weald of Sussex 1850-1950 p.17
JOHN LANGDON The Economics
of Horses and Oxen
in Medieval England
p.31
ALLAN G BOGUE Farming in the
North American
Grasslands: A Survey of
Publications, 1947-80 p.49
RAINE MORGAN Annual List and Brief Review of Articles on Agrarian History, 1980 p.69
30.2 (1982)
M C CLEARY The Plough and
the Cross: Peasant
Unions in South-Western
France p.127
G E FUSSELL The Tariff
Commission Report
p.137
MARGARET C SMYTH List of Books and Pamphlets on
Agrarian
History 1981 p.143
RAINE MORGAN Supplement to the Bibliography of Theses on
British
Agrarian History: Omissions and Additions for 1979, 1980 p.150
31.1 (1983)
A W JONES Glamorgan Custom
and Tenant Right
p.1
J R FISHER Landowners and
English Tenant Right,
1845-1852 p.15
ALISTAIR MUTCH Farmers'
Organizations and
Agricultural Depression in
Lancashire, 1890-1900 p.26
COLIN A LEWIS Irish horse
breeding and the
Irish Draught Horse,
1917-1978 p.37
RAINE MORGAN Annual List and Brief Review of Articles on
Agrarian
History, 1981 p.50
31.2 (1983)
Stuart Macdonald, Agricultural improvement and the neglected labourer, pp 81-90
Mary Harvey, Planned field systems in eastern Yorkshire: some thoughts on their origin, pp 91-103
John Broad, Cattle plague in eighteenth-century England, pp 104-115
Nicholas Goddard, The development and influence of agricultural periodicals and newspapers, 1780-1880, pp 116-131
Fred Bateman, Research developments in American agricultural history since 1960: the northern farm economy, pp 132-148
Alan R H Baker, Discourses on British field systems, pp 149-155
Alan Everitt, Past and present in the Victorian countryside, pp 156-169
Margaret C Smyth, List of books and pamphlets on agrarian
history
1982, pp 170-175
32.1 (1984)
Paul Muskett, The East Anglian agrarian riots of 1822, pp 1-13
M L Ryder, Medieval sheep and wool types, pp 14-28
Barbara English, Patterns of estate management in east Yorkshire, c 1840-c 1880, pp 29-48
R B Weir, Distilling and agriculture 1870-1939, pp 49-62
Adrian H Cowell, An approach to the agrarian history of upland country: ecology and habitat, pp 63-74
Raine Morgan, Annual list and brief review of articles on agrarian history, 1982, pp 75-85
Work in progress, pp 86-93
32.2 (1984)
J V Beckett, The peasant in England: a case of terminological confusion?, pp 113-123
H E Hallam, The climate of eastern England 1250-1350, pp 124-132
Michael Reed, Enclosure in north Buckinghamshire, 1500-1750, pp 133-144
C M Ann Baker, The origin of South Devon cattle, pp 145-158
I D and K A Whyte, Continuity and change in a seventeenth-century Scottish farming community, pp 159-169
Peter Ripley, Village and town: occupations and wealth in the hinterland of Gloucester, 1660-1700, pp 170-178
J M Martin, Village traders and the emergence of a proletariat in south Warwickshire, 1750-1851, pp 179-188
H M E Holt, Assistant commissioners and local agents: their role in tithe commutation, 1836-1854, pp 189-200
V J Morris and D J Orton, List of books and pamphlets on
agrarian
history, 1983, pp 201-205
33.1 (1985)
A R Bridbury, Thirteenth-century prices and the money supply, pp 1-21
Mavis Mate, Medieval agrarian practices: the determining factors? pp 22-31
Alan Nash, The size of open field strips: a reinterpretation, pp 32-40
J M Martin, The social and economic origins of the Vale of Evesham market gardening industry, pp 41-50
J K Bowers, British agricultural policy since the Second World War, pp 66-76
Raine Morgan, Annual list and brief review of articles on
agrarian
history, 1983 pp 77-88
33.2 (1985)
W Thwaites, Dearth and the marketing of agricultural produce: Oxfordshire c. 1750-1800, pp 119-131
John E Archer, A Fiendish Outrage'? A Study of Animal Maiming in East Anglia: 1830-1870 pp.147-57
P K Hall, Harvest fluctuations in an industrializing economy: Japan, 1887-1912, pp 158-172
T Rooth, Trade agreements and the evolution of British agricultural policy in the 1930s, pp 173-190
V J Morris and D J Orton, List of books and pamphlets on
agrarian
history 1984, pp 191-197
34.1 (1986)
JOHN SHEAIL Nature
Conservation and the
Agricultural Historian p.1
DAVID POSTLES The Perception
of Profit before
the Leasing of
Demesnes p.12
CHRISTINE HALLAS The Social
and Economic Impact
of a Rural Railway:
the Wensleydale Line p.29
HILARY P M WINCHESTER
Agricultural Change and
Population Movements
in France 1892-1929 p.60
M ROBINSON The Extent of
Farm Underdrainage in
England and Wales,
prior to 1939 p.79
RAINE MORGAN Supplement to the Bibliography of Theses on
British
Agrarian History: Omissions and Additions 1981-83 p.86
RAINE MORGAN Annual List and Brief Review of Articles on
Agrarian
History, 1984 p.94
34.2 (1986)
ANGUS J L WINCHESTER The Distribution
and
Significance of'Bordland' in
Medieval Britain p.129
T A ROWELL Sedge in Cambridgeshire: its Use, Production and Value p.140
JOHN R WALTON Pedigree and the National Cattle Herd, circa 1750--1950 p.149
A J MARRISON The TariffCommission, Agricultural Protection and Food Taxes, 1903-13 p.171
J N VORTER Tenant Right:
Devonshire and the
1880 Ground Game Act
p.188
V J MORRIS and D J ORTON List of Books and Pamphlets on Agrarian
History 1985 p.198
MICHAEL HAVINDEN Obituary: Sir John Higgs, KCVO, FSA (1923-86)
p.204
35.1 (1987)
Simon A C Penn, Female
wage-earners in late
fourteenth-century
England, pp 1-14
G G S Bowie, New sheep for old - changes in sheep farming in Hampshire, 1792-1879, pp 15-24
John Chapman, The extent and nature of parliamentary enclosure, pp 25-35
David Taylor, Growth and structural change in the English dairy industry, c1860-1930, pp 47-64
E A Wrigley, Early modern agriculture: a new harvest gathered in, pp 65-71
Rachel Hellier and Barbara Hutton, A model farm at Scarthingwell near York in 1793 and 1986, pp 72-75
James T Lemon, Agriculture and society in early America, pp 76-94
Raine Morgan, Annual list and brief review of articles on
agrarian
history, 1985, pp 95-107
35.2 (1987)
N J Mayhew, Money and prices
in England from
Henry II to Edward III,
pp 121-132
Madeleine Gray, Crown property and the land market in south-east Wales in the sixteenth century, pp 133-150
G G S Bowie, Watermeadows in Wessex: a re-evaluation for the period 1640-1850, pp 151-158
Phillip Dodd, The agricultural statistics for 1854: an assessment of their value, pp 159-170
C M A Baker and C Manwell, The Breton breed of cattle in Britain: extinction versus fitness, pp 171-178
David Grigg, Farm size in England and Wales, from early Victorian times to the present, pp 179-190
V J Morris and D J Orton, List of books and pamphlets on agrarian history 1986, pp 191-194
Michael Havinden, Postgraduate research in agricultural
history in
British institutions of higher education: a survey, pp 195-198
36.1 (1988)
Mark Bailey, The rabbit and
the medieval East
Anglian economy, pp
1-20
Abstract
The rabbit was a rare beast in medieval England, and much sought after
for both its meat
and its fur. This investigation plots the early history of commercial
rabbiting in East Anglia,
and its transition from a low output concern to a growth industry in
the later Middle Ages.
The development of the rabbit-warren into a highly lucrative source of
income is explained in
terms of the changing economic and social conditions after ~he Black
Death, and the more
intensive management of warrens by landlords. The occupational
spin-offs from rabbiting,
and the social implications of poaching in a region where resistance to
the feudal order was
endemic, are also explored. Final consideration is given to the
economic impact of the rabbit
on areas of poor soil, and its ability to compensate for their inherent
disadvantages in grain
production.
Christopher Dyer, Changes in
diet in the late
middle ages: the case
of harvest workers, pp 21-38
Abstract
The custom of feeding workers during the autumn on various manors in
eastern and southern
England provides an opportunity to quantify changes in diet over two
centuries. In the
thirteentla century harvest workers were given much bread and some
cheese, with relatively
small quantities of ale, fish and meat. Two centuries later the
importance of bread had much
diminished, and a high proportion of the diet consisted of meat and
ale. Barley and rye bread
was rcplaccd by whcat, bacon by beef, and cidcr by ale. These workers
ate bcttcr than most
wagc-carncrs and pcasants, but the trends in caring patterns were
general. The chronology of
the changcs, which wcrc spread over much of the fourtccnth century, and
the gcncral
relationship bctwccn diet, production, the market and demography, have,
implications for our
interpretations of the late medieval period.
John Martin, Sheep and
enclosure in
sixteenth-century
Northamptonshire, pp 39-54
Abstract
It is commonly accepted that there was a slackening o f the enclosure
movement, i f n o t outright
reconversion to arable, in England in the latter half o f the sixteenth
century. This is usually
ascribed to lower wool prices making shecp-grazing less attractive.
There are difficulties with
this pcrspective linking prices and enclosure activity directly. The
example of Northampton-
shire, a county in the forefront o f enclosure, suggests that there was
no trend away from
sheep-farming. Two surveys o f sheep numbers on enclosed pasture,
conducted in 1547 and 1564,
indicate that sheep-grazing spread throughout the county, and that
grazing was concentrated on
deserted village sites. Whilc there was some reduction in the size of
large flocks, this was more
than balanced by the proliferation o f smaller flocks - overall sheep
numbers increased in this
pcriod. By the end o f the century, sheep flocks were grazing on
enclosed pasture in half of
thc parishes in Northamptonshirc.
Paul Glennie, Continuity and
change in
Hertfordshire agriculture
1550-1700: I - Patterns of agricultural production, pp 55-76
Abstract
Thc rural economics of thc London area have long bccn sccn as having
responded particularly
vigorously to thc commcrcial opportunitics crcated by thc rapid growth
of London in the
carly-modcrn pcriod. This paper, the first of two, presents the rcsults
of an analysis of
archdcaconry court probate invcntorics of farmcrs from the county of
Hertfordshire. Topics
covcrcd includc the rclativc importancc of various ccrcal crops and of
different typcs of
livcstock, thc innovation of ncw foddcr crops, thc importance of
particular types of farm
cntcrprisc, and pattcrns of gcographical spccialization. Thc rcsults
arc used to discuss the
chronology and gcography of dcvelopments in agricultural production,
and to compare these
with thc accounts of agrarian historians. It is concludcd that thcsc
accounts do not adcquatcly
describe thc chronology and geography of production changcs. This has
implications for
cxplanations of the causcs of agricultural change bascd on infcrcnccs
from trcnds in grain and
livestock priccs.
Bruce M S Campbell, Towards
an agricultural
geography of medieval
England, pp 87-98
Abstract
Horses, Oxen a,d Technological hmovation is shown to makc a major
substantivc and methodologi-
cal contribution to the agrarian history of medieval England. Langdon's
findings, derived in
part from a national sample of manorial accounts, lend further support
to the view that a
morc spccializcd and intcgratcd pattcrn of food production and supply
began to evolve during
thc thirtccnth century. Horsc haulage, although costly, incrcascd thc
spccd and rangc of markct
transactions; whilst horsc traction allowcd thc cmcrgcncc of morc
intcnsivc forms of arable
husbandry and grcatcr specialization in livcstock production. To
illustratc thc last point rcsults
arc prcscntcd from a national survcy of demesne livcstock. These
developments arc cxprcssed
in the form of grcatly incrcascd spatial diffcrcntiation and can be
rclatcd to the cffcct up'on
eeonolnic rent of the contemporary growth of sevcral major urban
markets.
Raine Morgan, Annual list and brief review of articles on
agrarian
history, 1986, pp 99-110
36.2 (1988)
M Patricia Hogan, Clays, culturae
and
the cultivator's
wisdom: management efficiency at fourteenth-century Wistow,
pp
117-131
Abstract
This is a study of the decision-making process pertaining to the
forty-eight demesne furlongs at Wistow,
Hunts. Economically, the manor has been regarded as typical of the
almost seventy properties comprising
Ramsey Abbey. A useful sequence of account rolls for the 1380s-1390s, a
detailed list of the furlongs in a
manorial inquest of I252, and a pre-enclosure estate map of I617
furnish the chief documentation. Quite
exceptionally, the compoti indicate sowing patterns parcel by parcel.
Hence, the author has been able to
trace decision-making with respect to the seeding, rotation,
sub-division, and resting of the individual
furlongs, and the yields which these choices did and did not
facilitate. The analysis brings greater precision,
detail, and integration to the topic of cropping strategy.
R H Britnell, The Pastons
and their Norfolk,
pp 132-144
Abstract
The Paston Letters have two distinctive features as sources of
agricultural history. On the one hand they
illustrate exceptionally well some organizational features of estate
management on a smallish estate, notably
the absence of closely structured specialization amongst estate
officers and the personal involvement of
members of the family in minor,matters. At the same time the letters
demonstrate the problems of estate
management in one of England s most commercialized regions during the
1460s and 1470s, and they
suggest that the 1460s in particular were a period of agrarian
depression in Norfolk. The combined effect
of these observations is to show how even as a rentier family the
Pastons were intimately involved in the
commercial dilemmas and social conflicts arising from crisis management.
Paul Glennie, Continuity and
change in
Hertfordshire agriculture,
1550-1700: II - Trends in crop yields and their determinants,
pp
145-161
Abstract
This paper argues the need for a greater understaiMil~g of the size,
weight and carcass composition of
cattle and sheep in early modern Scotland. These questions are then
addressed through a consideration of
modern 'unimproved' breeds, archaeological evidence regarding bone
measurements, eighteenth-century
household accounts, and contemporary agricultural commentaries. On the
basis of these four sources,
working estimates of the carcass-weight and composition of
pre-improvement cattle and sheep are proposed
and their usefulness illustrated through a calculation of the
nutritional contribution, and cost relative to
oatmeal, of meat in the diet of masters and students at St Leonards
College, St Andrews, in I67i.
A J S Gibson, The size and
weight of cattle and
sheep in early
modern Scotland, pp 162-171
Abstract
This paper argues the need for a greater understaiMil~g of the size,
weight and carcass composition of
cattle and sheep in early modern Scotland. These questions are then
addressed through a consideration of
modern 'unimproved' breeds, archaeological evidence regarding bone
measurements, eighteenth-century
household accounts, and contemporary agricultural commentaries. On the
basis of these four sources,
working estimates of the carcass-weight and composition of
pre-improvement cattle and sheep are proposed
and their usefulness illustrated through a calculation of the
nutritional contribution, and cost relative to
oatmeal, of meat in the diet of masters and students at St Leonards
College, St Andrews, in I671.
Stewart Richards, The
South-Eastern
Agricultural College and public
support for technical education, 1894-1914, pp 172-187
Abstract
During the agricultural depression of the late nineteenth century
several Acts of Parliament, and the
fortuitous 'whiskey money', laid the foundations for a new policy
towards technical education. The South-
Eastern Agricultural College 0894) was an example of this policy in
action, for it represented an attempt
to bridge the traditional chasm between practical and theoretical
agriculture by means of public funding.
Its staffquickly produced textbooks and research publications which
smmnarized and promoted agricultural
science, and the London University BSc in agriculture (I9O2) created a
precedent by demanding the same
standards as other natural science subjects. The new
institution~ustified its support by placing a high
proportion of its students in responsible posts in the agricultural
inaustry and in teaching, and its reputation
helped to establish the principle that only on the basis of state
support could there be an effective national
s~,stem of agricultural education and research.
Thomas D Isern, Gopher
tales: a study in
western Canadian pest
control, pp 188-198
Abstract
The flickertail gopher was considered one of western Canada's worst
agricultural pests. Its ravages were
particularly severe when agricultural circumstances provided it with
favourable conditions - during the early
stages o f settlement, or during periods of drought and field
abandonment. Local and provincial governments
mountedprograms - including bounties, contests, and poison distribution
- to combat the pest. The populace
respondedwith enthusiasm, trappi,lg, shooting, clubbing, snaring, and
poisoning the gophers. Governmental
officials and private citizens considered the pest control programs
proper and effective; they also welcomed the
economic relief conveyed through bounties.
V J Morris and D J Orton, List of books and pamphlets on
agrarian
history 1987, pp 199-204
37.1 (1989)
D L Farmer, Two Wiltshire
manors and their
markets, pp 1-11
Abstract
The accounts o f the Glastonbury Abbey manors of Longbridge Deverill
and Monkton Deverill provide
unusually detailed information of the places where, and the persons
with whom, the manors traded. Most
of their grain went to markets within ten miles, though more distant
markets were used more in years
when grain fetched higher prices. Livestock was purchased at fairs
further away than most of the grain
markets. The majority of wool buyers came from towns within about
twenty miles of the manors.
Lengthy journeys were sometimes necessary to fetch items like
millstones. Much of the manors' trading
was informal, and with their own tenants.
Andrew Watkins, Cattle
grazing in the Forest of
Arden in the later
middle ages, pp 12-25
Abstract
This paper studies the influence and scale of pastoral farming in the
economy of the Forest of Arden in
the Later Middle Ages. It seeks to determine the numbers and types of
animals kept and demonstrate how
the profits of pastoral farming benefited a number of social groups in
the region. Many demesnes were
retained by their resident lords to graze cattle to feed their
households while the fattening of beef animals
for the market afforded scope for social and economic advancement by
peasant families. This emphasis on
animal husbandry encouraged the cultivation of hay and fodder crops in
turn helping to bolster the arable
economy in the area.
Norman Hidden, Jethro Tull,
I, II, and III,
pp 26-35
Abstract
Although Jethro Tull has been recognized as an important innovatory
figure in agricultural methods in
the eighteenth century, little has been written concerning his origins
and social background; and much of
that is either vague or inexact. From genealogical and other research,
new information is provided
concerning the family background of Jethro Tull. In particular the
three Jethro Tulls who overlapped in
time and place (especially with regard to Prosperous Farm) are
distinguished. Some revision is suggested
in the date of Tull's commencement at Prosperous Farm and of his
journey to the continental vineyards.
This and other additional background information throws light both on
Tull's personality and behaviour
and on his need to innovate in order to convert Prosperous from
sheepdown to arable.
Andrew K Copus, Changing
markets and the
development of sheep breeds
in southern England, 1750-1900,
pp 36-51
Abstract
The development of sheep breeds in Southern England between I750 and
1900 was a response by ordinary
farmers to changes in the relative price levels of cereals, mutton,
wool and tallow. Between c. I750 and
z79o the high price of tallow led to the 'improvement' of the old
horned breeds, to produce a carcass in
which tallow production was maximized. After I790 tallow prices fell
and the introduction of Southdown
rams enabled farmers in the Downlands to modify their flocks in
response to the demand for good quality
wool and effective folding. After I815, when quality mutton and lamb
prices were relatively high, the
breeds were perfected as meat producers. Similar changes took place in
mixed-farming districts. After
I87o, falling prices and dwindling profits resulted in limited changes
in breeds, except on higher downland
farms," where upland sheep from Northern England and Wales were
introduced.
Leah Leneman, Land
settlement in Scotland after
World War I, pp
52-64
Abstract
After World War I the Land Settlement (Scotland) Act gave the Board of
Agriculture for Scotland powers
to break up farms into smallholdings. The hopes of landless men in the
Highlands and Islands were raised
by promises both before and after the war, but for financial and other
reasons the rate of progress in
settling them was much slower than anticipated, and a number of men
took illegal possession of farms.
Public sympathy for ex-servicemen was so great that more money was
poured into land settlement and
strenuous efforts made to speed things up. The programme went a long
way toward satisfying Highland
land hunger and was considered, overall, to have been a success.
However, as the failure rate was highest
by far amongst the holders settled just after the war, those who came
later benefited more than the ex-
service.men for whom the legislation had been intended.
Mark Cleary, French agrarian
history after 1750
- a review and
bibliography, pp 65-74
Raine Morgan, Supplement to the bibliography of theses on
British
agrarian history: omissions and additions 1984-6, pp 89-97
37.2 (1989)
Della Hooke, Pre-Conquest
woodland: its
distribution and usage, pp
113-129
Abstract
This study demonstrates the extent of the regeneration of woodland
after the Roman period, and employs
place-name evidence to identify the territorial linkages between
midland woodlands and more southerly
estates, which were based upon their significance as pastures.
Woodland's importance as a resource was
indicated by its deliberate management for timber, fuel, and coppice
from the seventh century, in addition
to pasturage for pigs and horses. The evidence of Anglo-Saxon charters
is cited to reinforce doubts as to
the quality o f the 1)omesday record of woodland and its use, and the
study cites place-name and other
evidence to demonstrate that huuting and the use of woods as game
reserves were more important before
the eleventh century than has previously been recognized.
David Postles, Cleaning the
medieval arable,
pp 130-143
Abstract
Discussion of the productivity of the medieval arable has necessarily
concentrated on the margin and limits
of technology. The suggestion, recently advanced, that one of the
principal determinants of low arable
productivity was the poor cleaning of the arable, requires further
empirical research. Especially is this
necessary, since recent research into arable productivity has
emphasized more intensive use of, inter alia,
labour resources, which resulted in higher output. Such conscious
increases of the costs of production may
have applied equally in the case of cleaning the arable, both through
labour-intensive weeding and the
potential use of the rebinatio (additional fallow-stirring). An attempt
is made hcrc to survey how far such
labour inputs were employed.
Charles W J Withers, William
Cullen's
agricultural lectures and
writings and the development of agricultural science in
eighteenth-century Scotland, pp 144-156
Abstract
It is now becoming recognized that the Scottish agricultural improvers
had carlicr antecedents than many
of their English and Welsh counterparts. In this articlc, the work of
William Cullen is analyzcd to
demonstrate the significance o f his agricultural lectures at Edinburgh
and Glasgow in the 1740s and I750s,
and to suggest the strength o f links between the Scottish scientific
community and agricultural improvcmcnt.
Linked intellectually with figures such as Maxwell and Kames, Cullen
conducted practical experimcents on
family farms and represented a striking examples that blend
of
practice and scientific abstraction which
helped transform eightecenth-century Scottish farming through practical
education.
Peter M Solar, Harvest
fluctuations in
pre-Famine Ireland: Evidence
from Belfast and Waterford newspapers, pp 157-165
Abstract
The monthly agricultural reports published in the Waterford Mirror
(I819-42) and Belfast's Northern Whig
(1824-42) are described, then used to derive qualitative indicators of
harvest outcomes in pre-farnine
Ireland. Contemporary descriptions of the wheat, oats, barley,
potatoes, flax, and hay harvests were scaled
in order to analyze their covariations. The wheat, potato and hay crops
tended to show similar fluctuations
in the two regions; outcomes of the barley and oats harvests were not
systematically related. Among crops
within the same region covariation was much less pronounced than across
regions, except for the inverse
relationship between the wheat and hay crops in the south-east and for
a tendency for the oats and potato
crops to move together in the north-east and inversely in the
south-east. The results suggest that mixed
farming should have helped to stabilize farm incomes; that the potato
may have been better suited to the
south-east than the north-east; and that it may have been less
unreliable than has often been argued.
Desmond A Gillmor, The
political factor in
agricultural history:
trends in Irish agriculture, 1922-85, pp 166-179
Abstract
Agriculture in Ireland has had an unusual sequence of political
contexts in the twentieth century in that it
was at first under the single government of the United Kingdom, from
partition of the island in 1922 it
came under two separate sovereign states, and accession of both to the
European Community in I973
brought it again within a common policy framework. The effects of the
changing political and economic
circumstances together with other influcnces arc investigated in this
paper through analyses of the trends
in farm enterprises and agricultural production in Northcrn Ircland and
the Rcpublic of Ireland. Thc farm
enterprises studied comprise tillagc, cows, beef cattlc, shccp, pigs
and poultry. Trcnds in thc structure and
volume of agricultural production are considcrcd, and more briefly
thosc in inputs and incomes. The
trends combined indicate clearly a sequence in which divcrgcncc
occurred between the agriculturcs of the
two territories, and this was succeeded by tendencies towards
convcrgcncc.
Joseph Harrison, The
agrarian history of Spain,
1800-1960, pp
180-187
Bruce M S Campbell, Laying foundations: The Agrarian History of England and Wales 1042-1350, pp 188-192
V J Morris and D J Orton, List of books and pamphlets on agrarian history 1988, pp 193-197
Peter Dewey, Conference report: spring conference 1989, pp
198-199
38.1 (1990)
Jules N Pretty, Sustainable
agriculture in the
middle ages: the
English manor, pp 1-19
Abstract
Manorial estates survived many centuries of change and appear to have
been highly sustainable agricultural
systems. Yet this sustainability was not achieved because of high
agricultural productivity - indeed it appears that
farmers were trading off low productivity against the more highly
valued goals of stability, sustainability and
equitability. These were promoted by the integrated nature of farming,
the great diversity of produce, induding
wild resources, the diversity of livelihood strategies, the guaranteed
source of labour, and the high degree of
cooperation.
K P Witney, The woodland
economy of Kent,
1066-1348, pp 20-39
Abstract
This article traces the development of the woodland economy of Kent
from the later Anglo-Saxon period
until the Black Death. It describes how in the woodlands close to the
coast, the navigable Rother, or London,
the mounting demand for fuel, at home and cross-channel, so enhanced
the value of coppice that it came to
displace the much less profitable use of the woods for pannage and
cattle pasture; while at the same time
diverting colonization into the central core of The Weald, where heavy
loads were almost undisposable.
Although the Black Death caused a serious slump in the wood market the
effects are still observable in the
distribution of the woodland today.
Mark Bailey, Sand into gold:
the evolution of
the foldcourse system
in west Suffolk, 1200-1600, pp 40-57
Abstract
This study charts the evolution of field-systems in north-west Suffolk
during the later Middle Ages, a period
often overlooked by historians of the subject. The whole area comprised
extensive open felds in the thirteenth
century, but thereafter two distinct and divergent field systems
emerged from this common ancestor. On the
light soils of Breckland, KJ Allison's classic foldcourse system had
evolved by I600 from a more fragmented
and flexible medieval predecessor. On the loamier soils, an informal
medieval foldcourse system disappeared
with the gradual spread of piecemeal enclosures. Such differences are
explained in terms of the changing
structure of landholding, the influence of lordship, and environmental
factors. The evidence suggests that
commonfield systems could undergo important - but hitherto unsuspected
- institutional changes in the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries: changes which were germane to the
seventeenth-century improvements in
agrarian productivity recently advocated by some historians.
Malcolm Thick, Garden seeds
in England before
the late eighteenth
century: I - Seed growing, pp 58-71
Abstract
The innovation and diffusion of commercial garden seed production in
England forms the core of this paper,
the first of two on garden seeds. Following some remarks on seed
production in the three centuries before
I6oo the nature, process and adoption of the innovation in agriculture
that seed production represented is
examined. It is concluded that Dutch immigrants in the sixteenth
century and their descendants played a vital
role in the initial introduction and subsequent spread of garden seed
growing in England. The long continuity
of production in some areas was determined by local soils and climates,
as well as favourable social and
institutional circumstances. Contemporary estimates of prices and costs
show that garden seed growing was
sometimes highly profitable, although uncertainty of yield and foreign
competition could bring about losses.
Using evidence from probate inventories, the way in which seed
production was assimilated into farming at
Sandwich is reviewed, and the paper also covers garden seed imports in
the period.
G E Mingay, The diary of
James Warne, 1758,
pp 72-78
Abstract
James Warne farmed near Wool, between Dorchester and Wareham in Dorset.
His was evidently a medium-
sized farm, combining dairying with some arable, and Warne kept a diary
which has survived for only the
one year, 1758. The unusual detail of the diary throws a good deal of
light on his farming activities, including
visits to local markets and his frequent concern that the best use
should be made of his wagons and teams.
Most interesting, perhaps, are the casual manner in which he hired his
farmworkers and the problems he
experienced in disciplining them. Warne's periodical lending and
borrowing of money also provides
confirmation of the importance of the local network for private
financial transactions which was available to
the rural community before the full development of the banking system.
John R Walton, On estimating
the extent of
parliamentary enclosure,
pp 79-82
Abstract
Chapman argues that the acreages presented in the summaries of
enclosure acts and awards are often inaccurate.
True acreages may be estimated by summing the apportionment acreages
for each award. This procedure,
applied to a xo per cent sample o f English and Welsh awards, yields a
total parliamentary enclosure acreage
which appears to indicate that Turner's estimate, based on summaries,
is too small. However, this conclusion
is reached without reference to the margins of error associated with
sample statistics. In a data-set exhibiting a
high degree of variation such margins of error will be substantial.
Hypothetical estimates, based on acreage
data sampled from the Tate 'Domesday', indicate that Turner's figure
probably lies within conventionally-
acceptable confidence limits for Chapman's sample. A tolerably accurate
estimate of the acreage enclosed by
parliamentary act is only likely to be available when Chapman's
procedure has been extended to the remaining
9o per cent o f enclosure awards.
Raine Morgan, Annual list and brief review of articles on agrarian history, 1988, pp 83-94
J A Chartres, Conference report: winter conference, 1989,
'Food
supply and towns', pp 95-96
38.2 (1990)
Malcolm Thick, Garden seeds
in England before
the late eighteenth
century: II - The trade in seeds to 1760, pp 105-116
Abstract
Steady expansion in the garden seed trade throughout the period was
caused by a similar increase in commercial
and private gardening. In the sixteenth century, seed retailing failed
to provide both the quantity and quality
of garden seeds demanded. Specialist seedshops gradually developed in
London in the seventeenth century
and two shops are examined in some detail. Seed selling between the
late seventeenth century and I76o is
discussed against a background of the rapid development of consumer
goods and services at the time. The
role of fashion and taste in shaping demand for garden seeds and their
advertisement via the press, catalogues,
books, pamphlets, and flysheets is described. The conclusion is drawn
that garden seed retailing had a
significant influence on the development of gardening and agriculture
at this time.
G G S Bowie, Northern wolds
and Wessex
downlands: contrasts in sheep
husbandry and farming practice, 1770-1850, pp 117-126
Abstract
Two separate and distinct farming systems developed on the chalk wolds
o f Lincolnshire and east Yorkshire,
and the downlands o f South Wiltshire, East Dorset, Berkshire and
Hampshire during the French Revolutionary
Wars period and in the years immediately afterwards. This is rather
surprising in view o f the broad similarity
o f the 'sheep and corn' systems practised in the two areas before
about 1770, the relatively minor differences
in geology and climate, and the general availability o f information
about innovatory farming practices at the
time. The characteristics o f a high-input system o f farming which
developed on the northern wolds, and a
low-input one which evolved on the Wessex downlands, are defined. The
link between the high-input system
and High Farming is described, as is the efficiency o f the low-input
system in giving farmers an acceptable
income with rather less capital outlay and running costs.
Urban Emanuelsson and Jens
Moeller, Flooding in
Scania: a
method to overcome the deficiency of nutrients in agriculture in the
nineteenth century, pp 127-148
Abstract
This article discusses ecological features during the nineteenth
century in the southernmost part of Sweden
(Scania). In the beginning of the nineteenth century the old system
where hay-producing meadows created
natural manure, gradually disappeared as arable land was extended. As
artificial fertilizers were not introduced
until the end of the century, this created, theoretically, an
impossible situation. The paper discusses several
ways of overcoming this fertilizer problem, but sees the flooding of
meadows as the only technique which
had a positive effect on all major elements. The flooding technique is
described and its introduction in Scania
is mapped. The use of watermeadows increased production fundamentally,
but nevertheless, most systems
were abandoned at the beginning of our century when artificial
fertilizers became available on a large scale.
The paper shows that between i85o and I89o there was a gap between the
need and production of natural
manure, and at this time the production of hay on the watermeadows was
of utmost importance. The article
concludes with a suggestion that watermeadows should be introduced in
modern agriculture. This would be
of double advantage: it could both act as a sink for phosphorus and
nitrogen, and reduce the need for artificial
fertilizers.
Joanna Bourke, Dairywomen
and affectionate
wives: women in the Irish
dairy industry, 1890-1914, pp 149-164
Abstract
Milking and butter-making were important to the rural Irish economy. In
the nineteenth century, dairy work
was dominated by women. By World War One, it was dominated by men. The
establishment of creameries
and male-only agricultural colleges, in addition to legislation
limiting female hours of employment, encouraged
the substitution of male labour for female labour. Schemes to educate
rural women in the new dairying
technologies had minimal effect. Although the value of dairy production
in Ireland increased, female status in
the industry declined as managerial control came to be vested in men.
The removal of women from the dairy
was justified by reference to the need of increasing female investment
of time in housework.
Cormac O'Grada, Irish
agricultural
history: recent
research, pp 165-173
Dan Byford, Work in progress, pp 174-179
V J Morris and D J Orton, List of books and pamphlets on agrarian history, 1989, pp 180-184
Mark Overton, The critical century? The Agrarian History of England and Wales, 1750-1850, pp 185-189
J A Chartres, Obituary: Dr George Fussell, pp 190-191
David Hey, Conference report: spring conference 1990, pp
192-193
39.1 (1991)
Christine Hallas, Supply
responsiveness in
dairy farming: some
regional considerations, pp 1-16
Abstract
The structural changes taking place in dairying during the nineteenth
century arc examined in the context o f
the supply responsiveness o f farmers. The paper both responds to a
call for this issue to be researched in
specific localities and seeks to place the debatc in a wider context by
taking a long chronological view. This
study suggests that milk as opposed to checse or butter production was
embarked upon not as a straightforward
response to market forces but as a rcsult of the coalesccncc of many
factors. It is noted that the specific factors
may vary over time as might thc level o f their influcncc over the
farmers' dccision taking. The conclusion is
that while there werc somc laggardly farmers, thcrc was, taking all
factors into consideration, a fairly prompt
response. The research reveals the divcrsity o f practicc in the
locality and cautions against generalization on
the subject.
Michael Wintle, Modest
growth and capital drain
in an advanced
economy: the case of Dutch agriculture in the nineteenth century,
pp
17-29
Abstract
First a survey is provided of the main characteristics of Dutch
agriculture in the nineteenth century, covering
geographical and soil conditions, regional differences, price
developments, and the periodicity of economic
growth in agriculture. Agriculture's contribution to the economy as a
whole is examined, as well as
government policy, and the onset and reactions to the major crisis of
the late 187os and 188os. Attention then
concentrates on Zeeland, a rich agricultural province which suffered
relative stagnation in the nineteenth
century. Cyclical fluctuations in the percentage of owner-occupancy
amongst farmers are identified; their
effect was such that the constantly changing ownership of the land
channelled agricultural profits out of the
province and sometimes even out of the country.
Graham Cox, Philip Lowe, and
Michael Winter,
The origins and early
development of the National Farmers' Union, pp 30-47
Abstract
The early history of the National Farmers' Union (NFU) has hitherto
been comparatively neglected. The
associations of agricultural interest which preceded it and the
circumstances of its formation in I9O8 are
outlined. Whereas agricultural interests had often been divided and
weak, the union, particularly under Colin
Campbell's leadership, established both its credibility and a sound
organizational structure. The period of the
Great War consolidated and extended its ability to speak
authoritatively for the needs of agriculture and the
significance of the War Agricultural Executive Committees is
considered. Emerging NFU positions on the
issue of protection and its moves towards a more positive and
constructive role in policy formulation are
examined. Circumstances at the outset of the Second World War forced a
recognition of the need for a
working partnership between farmers and the state: a development of
corporatist relations made possible by
the prior emergence of a representative farmers' organization with the
necessary organizational capability and
political acumen. This paper shows how those competences were acquired.
John Chapman, Confidence
limits and enclosure
estimates: some
comments, pp 48-51
Abstract
Walton criticizes my revision of the acreage enclosed by Parliamentary
action by purporting to show that the
margins of error of my sample are so great that Turner's much lower
figure falls within them. However, the
technique which he uses is inappropriate, since the data do not conform
to the conditions which limit its use.
Use of the bootstrap technique, which is appropriate in these
circumstances, supports my original conclusions,
as does direct comparison with Turner's individual parish figures.
John R Walton, Parliamentary
enclosure, the
bootstrap, and a red
herring or two, pp 52-54
Abstract
Chapman argues that the acreages presented in the summaries of
enclosure acts and awards are often inaccurate.
True acreages may be estimated by summing the apportionment acreages
for each award. This procedure,
applied to a xo per cent sample o f English and Welsh awards, yields a
total parliamentary enclosure acreage
which appears to indicate that Turner's estimate, based on summaries,
is too small. However, this conclusion
is reached without reference to the margins of error associated with
sample statistics. In a data-set exhibiting a
high degree of variation such margins of error will be substantial.
Hypothetical estimates, based on acreage
data sampled from the Tate 'Domesday', indicate that Turner's figure
probably lies within conventionally-
acceptable confidence limits for Chapman's sample. A tolerably accurate
estimate of the acreage enclosed by
parliamentary act is only likely to be available when Chapman's
procedure has been extended to the remaining
9o per cent o f enclosure awards.
Raine Morgan, Annual list and brief review of articles on agrarian history, 1989 pp 55-64
Michael Wintle, Agrarian history in the Netherlands in the modern period: a review and bibliography, pp 65-73
Richard Perren, Conference report: 'Farmers and landowners',
winter
conference 1990, pp 74-75
39.2 (1991)
Christopher K Currie, The
early history of the
carp and its economic
significance in England, pp 97-107
Abstract
The carp, by the admission of most authoritative fish farmers and
pisciculturists, is one of the most important
food fish in the world• However, their
origins are shrouded in
mythology. Even where serious attempts have
been made to trace the origins of this fish in the British Isles, the
difficulty in distinguishing myth from reality
has clouded the issue. This essay attempts to put the introduction of
the carp to the British Isles in its correct
historic perspective. Changes in the management of estates over the
period ci25o--I4O0 prompted the growth
of commercial fish keeping and this created a situation into which the
introduction of the carp was appropriate.
The early history of the species in England is traced, and attempts to
explain their rise to dominance nationally
are expounded.
M A Barg, The social
structure of manorial
freeholders: an analysis
of the hundred rolls of 1279, pp 108-115
Abstract
This study reassesses the evidence of the Hundred Rolls of 1279 to
investigate the social structure and socio-
economic identity of the freeholders, significantly revising the
classic analysis of E A Kosminsky. Careful
linkage of the personal names of freeholders within and between manors
and vills reveals four groups within
this broad category: clergy; gentry; craftsmen; and tradesmen. The
investigation suggests that more than half
the freehold land of the counties surveyed was not in the hands of
their direct cultivators: manorial freehold
was of major importance, and subtenancy and rent relationships already
widespread at the time of the
compilation of the Hundred Rolls.
John Chapman, The later
parliamentary
enclosures of South Wales, pp
116-125
Abstract
Parliamentary enclosures under the I845 General Enclosure Act formed a
substantial proportion of the total
in South Wales. They were overwhelmingly of waste, and thus contributed
to a net increase in the size of the
existing holdings, in contrast to some early English enclosures. Though
the number of allottees per enclosure
was normally relatively small, few individuals received very large
acreages, and this was reinforced by the
pattern of purchases of sale allotments, with little evidence of
large-scale buying by large landowners. Much
of the newly-enclosed land appears to have undergone little improvement
in the formal sense, but, at least in
the view of contemporaries, sheep-farming became much more profitable
when freed from the problems
associated with common usage of the waste.
R J Moore-Colyer, Horses and
equine improvement
in the economy of
modern Wales, pp 126-142
Abstract
This article attempts to review the importance of the horse to the
economy of modern Wales and in considering
the various regional types, provides some indication of the efforts
made towards equine improvement in the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries both by the various agricultural
organizations and officially-sponsored
bodies. The introduction of English breeds at the expense of the
genetic improvement of local stock, the
economic uncertainty ofhorsebreeding, the unwillingness of smaller
farmers to pay realistic stud fees and an
obsession with the improvement of male at the expense of female lines,
restricted the extent of improvements
of both saddle and draught animals. By the time organizations like the
RASE, the Hunters' Improvement
Society and the Royal Commission on Horsebreeding had begun to make
some impact, the urban horse in
Wales and elsewhere was sinking into decline. The horse, nevertheless,
remained the principal power unit on
Welsh farms until the end of the Second World War.
Stephen Caunce,
Twentieth-century farm
servants: the horselads of
the East Riding of Yorkshire, pp 143-166
Abstract
By the I92Os, the East Riding of Yorkshire was the last arable county
in England where the hiring of single
youths on yearly contracts as living-in farm servants was unquestioned
and universal. Mostly by oral history
it has been possible to analyse this traditional way of life in depth,
and particularly to get the servants' own
views on it. As a very practical way of running a horse-powered farm,
it offered distinct economic advantages
to both farmer and servant as long as labour was relatively short. It
also preserved many pre-industrial
attitudes to work and management, and was integrated into the wider
life of the community. This study of
adaptation to change shows that mechanization did not require a break
with the past, and that the degraded
position of nineteenth-century servants in the south is no guide to the
way the system had run before the
labour market collapsed there.
John Chapman, The bootstrap
and Dr Walton's red
herrings, pp 167-168
Edith H Whetham, Supply
responsiveness in dairy
farming: a note, pp
169-170
V J Morris and D J Orton, List of books and pamphlets on agrarian history 1990, pp 171-175
Christine Hallas, Conference report: spring conference 1991,
pp
176-177
40.1 (1992)
Bruce M S Campbell, James A
Galloway, and
Margaret Murphy, Rural
land-use in the Metropolitan hinterland, 1270-1339: the evidence of inquisitiones
post mortem, pp 1-23
Abstract
Inquisitions Post Mortem (IPMs) have been used by historians for a
variety of purposes, but their value
as a source for the study of medieval land-use has not been fully
realized. Used in large numbers they
can illustrate broad contrasts between places and regions in terms of
resource endowment and value.
This study outlines a methodology for analysing the IPMs with reference
to a group of ten counties
around London. The results point to the existence of distinctive and
specialized agrarian regimes,
responsive to a variety of influences - environmental, institutional,
and economic.
Ian Ward, Rental policy on
the estates of the
English peerage,
1649-60, pp 23-37
Abstract
This article is based on the estate papers of four English peers during
the mid-seventeenth century -
those of the Marquis of Hertford, and the Earls of Bridgwater, Dorset,
and Northumberland. It seeks
to impress the importance of the striking improvement in rental return
on these estates during the years
immediately following the English Civil Wars. It is submitted that the
key to this improvement lay
both in policies of rack-renting and also, and perhaps most
importantly, in the concentration upon
altering the nature of tenancies, from copyhold to leasehold. This
concentration coincided with certain
important developments in the English laws of property.
Michael Turner, Output and
prices in UK
agriculture, 1867-1914, and
the Great Agricultural Depression reconsidered, pp 38-51
Abstract
This article is based on the late J R Bellerby's United Kingdom
agricultural output series. It does not
use his published series, but rather it employs his unpublished
manuscript originals. The published series
was presented in undifferentiated terms whereas the manuscripts present
a full product differentiation,
as well as individual price series for those products. The article
proceeds to use this material in three
ways. It establishes the output estimates as a credible source by
comparison with other estimates; it
constructs a composite agricultural price index using that series; and
finally the index is used to illustrate
different ways to understand the transformation o f UK agriculture in
the late Victorian and Edwardian
period.
Stuart Thompstone, 'Bab'ye
Khozyaystvo':
poultry keeping and its
contribution to peasant income in pre-1914 Russia, pp 52-63
Abstract
Recent scholarship has cast doubt on the traditional view that the
Russian peasantry experienced
increasing impoverishment at the end o f the nineteenth century. The
extent to which the commune
system was a major inhibitor of agricultural progress has also been
questioned. By exploring the
expansion of poultry keeping, traditionally the preserve of female
peasants, this article suggests that in
those provinces where the pressures on peasant living standards were
most acute, poultry keeping was
a buoyant source o f on-farm income, which from the I88Os helped to
maintain and even improve
living standards at a time when peasant earnings from mainstream
agricultural activity were experiencing
downwards pressure. Despite their alleged conservatism Russian peasants
demonstrated a marked aware-
ness o f the benefits of improved poultry strains, taking advantage of
the greater availability of pedigree
birds. Railway development enabled poultry products to make a
significant contribution to Russia's
export trade.
Maurice Beresford, 'The
spade might soon
determine it': the
representation of deserted medieval villages on Ordnance Survey plans,
1849-1910, pp 64-70
Abstract
From its earliest days the Ordnance Survey had an interest in recording
the earthworks of antiquity.
For the large-scale plans the information gathered from the surveyors
in the field was supplemented by
correspondence with knowledgable local scholars. The earthworks from
medieval villages although
numerous were generally ignored except for the East Riding of Yorkshire
where, largely through the
interest of Capt.John Bayly, RE, FSA (I82I-I9O5), the first edition of
the six-inch map detailed twenty-
five sites. At the revisions of I890-I909 the interpretation of these
earthworks came into question: the
replies of local correspondents, surviving in the OS archive, show
considerable scepticism but the better-
informed invoked documentary sources, while one - in a phrase embodied
in the title of this article -
urged abitration by excavation, a course which medieval archaeology has
eventually followed.
Raine Morgan, Annual list and brief review of articles on agrarian history, 1990, pp 71-80
Joan Thirsk, Conference report: 'Rural society and the poor',
winter
conference 1991, pp 81-82
40.2 (1992)
David L Farmer, Millstones
for medieval manors,
pp 97-111
Abstract
Demesne mills in medieval England obtained their millstones from many
sources on the continent, in
Wales, and in England. The most prized were French stones, usually
fetched by cart from Southampton
or ferried by river from London. Transport costs were low.
Millstone prices generally doubled between the early thirteenth century
and the Black Death, and
doubled again in the later fourteenth century. With milling less
profitable, many mills in the fourteenth
century changed from French stones to the cheaper Welsh and Peak
District stones, which Thames
valley manors were able to buy in a large number of Midland towns and
villages. Some successful
south coast mills continued to buy French stones even in the fifteenth
century.
Jean Birrell, Deer and deer
farming in medieval
England, pp 112-126
Abstract
The deer in the parks, chases and forests of medieval England were
managed more actively, and with
a greater skill and care, than is perhaps generalIy realized. Their
owners derived considerable benefits
from them, not only in the opportunity to hunt, which was often
subsidiary, but in venison, a high
status meat. Though deer were often privileged, deer farming was
generally integrated into other
agricultural or woodland activities; deer parks, in particular, were
often efficiently managed units
fulfilling a number of purposes, so much so that we should perhaps be
cautious about dismissing them,
as is so often done, as no more than status symbols.
June A Sheppard, Small farms
in a Sussex Weald
parish, 1800-60, pp
127-141
Abstract
The Sussex Weald is an area where many small farms survived into the
nineteenth century, and their
fate in Chiddingly parish between I8OO and 186o is explored. They
thrived up to 1815; between I816
and I842, nearly half were lost, many of the remainder changed from
owner-occupancy to tenancy,
and a few additional ones appeared on newly-enclosed land; after 1842,
changes were few. The timing
points to the post-Napoleonic agricultural depression as the
fundamental cause of change, mediated by
a range of personal and holding characteristics that resulted in
varying ability to withstand economic
pressure. Changes were greater during this depression, than during
those of the early eighteenth and
late nineteenth centuries, because the small farmer's cash outgoings,
especially in paying his poor rates,
frequently exceeded his income.
C J D Duder, Beadoc - the
British East African
Disabled Officers'
Colony and the white frontier
in Kenya,
pp 142-150
Abstract
Beadoc was an attempt to found a co-operative settlement of disabled
British officers in the Highlands
of Kenya after the First World War. It was designed both to reward
ex-soldiers who had lost their
health in the service of the Empire, and to provide Britain with
supplies of a vital matcrial, flax, from
within the confines of the Empire. Under-capitalized, grossly
mismanaged, and located on unsuitable
land, Beadoc collapsed with the end of the 'flax boom'. Its importance
to the agricultural history of
white Kenya, is that it illustrated the futility of placing
comparatively large numbers of Europeans,
with comparatively little capital, on the land as farmers. Kenya was a
rich white man's country, which
ultimately meant that it would not be any kind of white man's country.
A T Fear The Golden Sheep of
Roman Andalusia,
pp.151-55
Abstract
The classical evidence for this 'breed' of sheep are discussed,
followed by an examination of the various
modern explanations for the its existence. It is suggested that a
genetic trait is the most probable solution
to the problem.
R W Hoyle, Some reservations
on Dr Ward on the
'Rental policy of the
English peerage, 1649-60', pp 156-159
Alun Howkins, Social history
and agricultural
history, pp 160-163
Maurice Beresford, Professor W G Hoskins - a memoir, pp 164-167
V J Morris and D J Orton, List of books and pamphlets on agrarian history 1991, pp 168-172
John R Walton, Conference report: spring conference 1992, pp
173-175
41.1 (1993)
T L Richardson, The
agricultural labourers'
standard of living in
Lincolnshire, 1790-1840: social protest and public order, pp
1-19
Abstract
In trying to establish what happened to the standard of living of the
rural labouring classes in Lincolnshire
two statistical variables, the cost of living and the earnings of adult
male labourers, have been constructed
to determine the long-run trend of real wages. The analysis shows that
the cost of living was the
dynamic variable in the real wage equation and that in the short-run,
as during the French wars, volatile
price movements had a devastating effect upon the purchasing power of
wages. The level of employment
and incomes after I815, though varying between upland and clayland
areas, was a potent cause of
distress and class conflict. In analysing the shift in emphasis from
overt to covert expressions of anger,
attention is paid to the collective response of the county's ruling
order to the threat from below and
the mechanisms of control that were used to restore law and order.
Susanna Wade Martins, From
'black-face' to
'white-face' - an aspect
of the 'agricultural revolution' in Norfolk, pp 20-30
Abstract
This paper looks at the spread of new breeds of sheep across Norfolk in
the early nineteenth century,
the gradual eclipse of the native Norfolk horn breed, and the increase
in the popularity of half-breds,
using as its source the Michaelmas sales announcements in the local
newspapers, a source which allows
for the study of a wide cross section of Norfolk farms. It demonstrates
the relatively short space of
time which saw the demise of the Norfolk as a pure breed, and the
importance of the new breeds,
partly as pure bred flocks, but more significantly for providing new
blood to produce fast growing,
more meaty sheep when crossed with the native breed.
John Sheail, The
agricultural pollution of
watercourses: the
precedents set by the beet-sugar and milk industries, pp
31-43
Abstract
The inter=war years were an important period in the development of an
institutional and research
response to pollution issues. The paper focuses on the problems arising
from the newly-established beet-
sugar factories and the increasingly centralized milk-handling and
-processing industries. Through
research and development, it proved possible to accommodate the
otherwise wholly welcome developments
in rural enterprise, without incurring the risk of serious pollution to
the nearby watercourses.
Kosmas Tsokhas, British
economic warfare in the
Far East and the
Australian wool industry, pp 44-59
Abstract
Historians have claimed that the British government was able to
mobilize the economic resources of
the empire during the Second World War. Further, it has been suggested
that this helped the British
to hold the line against the Axis, and with the involvement of the
United States and the Soviet Union,
to eventually defeat Italy, Germany, and Japan. However a protracted
conflict occurred between the
Australian and British governments over the use to be made of
Australian wool. Australia considered
its wool a commercial product to be sold for a satisfactory price,
while the British saw it as a strategic
raw material to be used in economic warfare. The Australians were
united in their negotiations with
the British over what was for them an extremely important matter. For
their part the British regarded
Australian wool as just one of many issues on the policy agenda. The
British government purchased
the Australian wool clip in order to ensure its own supply, to deny
wool to Germany, and to use it in
negotiations with Japan and the United States. Their ability to do so
was limited by Australian
commercial and strategic objectives. In particular, the British wanted
to influence Japanese foreign
policy by withholding wool, whereas the Australians were concerned to
appease Japan and to earn
profits by selling wool to Japan. In the process, any illusions of
imperial unity dissipated and a
compromise based on economic and strategic interests and perceptions
resulted.
Raine Morgan, Annual list and brief review of articles on agrarian history, 1991, pp 71-81
R W Hoyle, Recent work in East Anglian agrarian history, autumn conference 1992, pp 82-83
E J T Collins, Rural trade and industry, winter conference
1992, pp
84-85
41.2 (1993)
W M Mathew, Marling in
British agriculture: a
case of partial
identity, pp 97-110
Abstract
Marling has usually been viewed by British historians either as a
practice of no clearly identifiable purpose,
or as an exercise designed to add body to light softs. It has also been
presented as a crude, ancient affair,
largely irrelevant to modern fanning. The suggestion here is that it
perfonned important chemical
functions, and that these - most notably the reduction of soft acidity
and the attendant liberation of plant
nutrients - gave it an important role in improved farming through to
the nineteenth century, terminal
obsolescence only setting in as supplies of cheaply transportable lime
became increasingly available.
Michael Toch, Hauling away in late medieval Bavaria: the economics of inland transport in an agrarian market, pp 111-123
Abstract
Using the mid-fourteenth-century accounts of the Bavarian monastery of
Scheyern (to the north of
Munich), the article scrutinizes the way late medieval landlords went
about the organization of transport.
Most intricate were the arrangements for the yearly recurring ventures
sent into the Southern Tyrol to
purchase, cart, and ship home the excellent vintages of Latin wine. For
most of the relay route, hired
can'iers were employed, but one stage was turned over to tenants owing
the monastery carting services.
Other transport needs nearer home made for less complicated
arrangements, using a mix of hired labour,
permanent servants, and the monastery's own rolling stock and beasts.
No attempts were made to improve
the technological level of transport, relying instead on a very
flexible organization of monetary and labour
resources attuned to local circumstances.
Abstract
Evidence of settlement contraction in the form of earthworks marking
abandoned house sites is to be
found throughout England, yet the tinting and causes of village
shrinkage have received only limited
attention from historians. This article explores the extent of
settlement contraction in the East Riding of
Yorkshire between the mid-seventeenth and mid-eighteenth centuries.
Nationally this was a period when
population stagnation coincided with urban expansion suggesting
widespread rural depopulation. Using
detailed documentary material relating to individual setdements, the
possible causes of contraction are
explored, and a link between landownership patterns and contraction is
established.
Graham Rogers, Custom and common right: waste land enclosure and social change in west Lancashire, pp 137-154
Abstract
The focus of this study is waste land enclosure in south-west
Lancashire and particularly its impact on
the social structure of one village, Croston. It takes the view that
northern rural communities, especially
in the pre-industrial period, have largely escaped the attention of
historians. It borrows from the wider
context of a shift of emphasis in enclosure history towards the
significance of waste and common in the
enclosure process as a whole. Further, this article takes the view
that, until recently, we have underestimated
the presence and tenacity of a mainly subsistence stratum in rural
communities, the strength of their
attachment to rights of commoning, and the depth of popular opposition
everywhere to the erosion of
those rights through the enclosure process. Villagers in west
Lancashire did not possess an immunity from
that process. Their experience deserves as much attention as
communities in the traditional rural heartlands
of the midlands and southern counties. This is a small contribution
towards correcting the balance.
Simon Moore, The real 'Great Betrayal': Britain and the Canadian cattle crisis of 1922, pp 155-168
Abstract
Agriculture emerged from the First World War facing the problems of a
drastically expanded and largely
urban electorate, the decline of the traditional landowning class, with
a greater political dependence on
the inexperienced National Farmers Union. Meanwhile, the closer working
relations with Government,
embodied in the price and wage guarantees of the I92O Agriculture Act,
implied that a new era of
agrarian policy had arrived. The repeal of those guarantees in I92I,
now remembered as the 'Great
Betrayal' - a classic symbol of State neglect - attracted little
opposition from the NFU or parliamentarians.
The contested removal of the ban on Canadian cattle imports reveals
more about agriculture's political
weakness. The crisis demonstrated a firnl Government commitment to
urban priorities and exposed
differences among agriculturists. In its intensity, scale and
consequences, the Canadian cattle crisis was in
political ternas a more serious 'Great Betrayal' than the Agriculture
Act's repeal.
Abstract
Tithes represented a tenth of the natural increase of the produce of
the soft paid by farmers to support
the established church in the parishes of England and Wales.
Traditionally, tithes were paid in kind,
although in many parishes, some or all of them could be paid in money.
The I826 Tithe Commutation
Act commuted all tithes in kind and customary money payments and
substituted a fluctuating money
payment known as a tithe rent-charge, which was to adjusted each year
on the basis of the seven-year
average price of wheat, barley, and oats. Since there is no direct
method of measuring agricultural
production before 1866, this value of rent-charge has the potential to
be a useful measurement of
agricultural output. The paper investigates the advantages, potentials,
and problems associated with this
source of data, using tithe material from Dorset as a case study.
I Ward, The humble response of the hired lackey - a reply to Hoyle, pp 176-178
R W Hoyle, Further comments on Dr Ward and the 'Rental policy of the English peerage, 1649-60', pp 179-180
V J Morris and D J Orton, List of books and pamphlets on agrarian history 1992, pp 181-185
Dan Byford, Conference report, spring conference 1993, pp
186-187
42.1 (1994)
M A Atkin, Land use and
management in the
upland demesne of the De
Lacy estate of Blackburnshire c 1300, pp
1-19
Abstract
This paper attempts to reconstruct the patterns of seasonal land
management in the granges, forest vaccaries
and central 'pools' of the earl of Lincoln's Ightenhill demesnes in
upland Lancashire. Two of the estate's
Michaelmas accounts survive, dating to a period now seen as a watershed
between the prosperous 'High
Farming' period of the thirteenth century and the 'Crisis years' of the
first quarter of the next. This
relatively remote estate was geared to a cash economy, and the products
were such as could well be
produced under local conditions of climate, terrain and transport.
Susanna Wade Martins and Tom Williamson, Floated water-meadows in Norfolk: a misplaced innovation, pp 20-37
Abstract
While the unportance of irrigated meadows in Wessex and the West
Country has long been appreciated,
their development outside this area has received little attention. This
article shows that water-meadows
were almost unknown in eastern England before the late eighteenth
century. A nmnber of extensive
systems were then established, mainly by men associated with improving
aristocratic landlords like Thomas
William Coke. Most of these systems were, however, abandoned at a
relatively early date. The reasons
why the technique of floating was adopted in this late and limited way
outside its western heartland are
discussed, together with some of the implications this has for our
understanding of the spread of innovations
during the period of the 'Agricultural Revolution'
Abstract
In this article, the unpublished manuscript 'Elements of Agriculture'
by the earth scientist James Hutton
(I726-1797) is analysed to review both its content and its contextual
significance in relation to contemporary
knowledge on agricultural science in eighteenth-century Scotland.
Examination of Hutton's agricultural
manuscript shows him to have linked his geological and individual
fanning interests with matters of
Scotland's husbandry. His work was part also of that improvement
culture within eighteenth-century
Scotland which sought to understand agricultural practice through
science and to transform the agrarian
economy through subjecting it, like the science on which it was based,
to the test of 'rational principles'.
The idea of continuing fertility and repair is seen to be essential to
his geological Theory of the Earth and
his a priori reasoning in the 'Elements of Agriculture'.
Abstract
This essay is essentially a 'polemic' concerned to look critically at
who literally worked the land of Britain
in the nineteenth century. Looking at England, Scotland, Ireland and
Wales it argues that small family
producers -- that is peasants -- make up a far larger part of the
agricultural workforce than has previously
been ar~maed. This is true both of their work on their own holdings and
of their work as migrants.
Similarly it is argued that farm servants form a much more important
part of the total British agricultural
labour force than most work would suggest. Taken together throughout
Britain these two groups are
actually larger than the supposedly 'normal' landless farm labourer.
Raine Morgan, Annual list and brief review of articles on agrarian history, 1992, pp 63-73
Peter Edwards, Work in progress, pp 74-80
John R Walton, Conference report: 'Agriculture and the landscape', winter conference 1993, p 81
Richard Perren, Obituary: Lord Murray of Newhaven, KCB
(1903-1993),
p 82
42.2 (1994)
Jan Titow, Lost rents,
vacant holdings and the
contraction of
peasant cultivation after the Black Death, pp 97-114
Abstract
In the post-Black Death Winchester account roils the information on
lost rents and vacant holdings is
unusually detailed. This enables us to see how the recorded totals were
computed; the results are striking.
Careful analysis of the information provided makes it clear that the
recorded totals are not what they are
said to be. In fact, they represent the balance between the lost rents
sensu stricto and any income which
was obtained from the vacant holdings in other ways. Furthermore, this
paper argues that the money
obtained from vacant holdings came from the peasants who, therefore,
nmst have exploited them in some
profitable way and, thus, such holdings cannot be automatically equated
with unused land. Apart from
telling its own story, the Winchester evidence may have a lesson for
other estates as well: it provides a
warning that reliance on the recorded totals alone could be greatly
misleading, for the ostensible situation
with regard to lost rents and vacant holdings on such estates could be
as far removed from the actual
reality as it is for the Winchester estates.
M J Huggins, Thoroughbred breeding in the North and East Ridings of Yorkshire in the nineteenth century, pp 115-125
Abstract
The article provides a case study of the operation of the thoroughbred
horse breeding industry in the
North and East Ridings of Yorkshire during the nineteenth century as a
first step towards its analysis at
a national level. It analyses the changing theoretical underpinning of
thoroughbred breeding practice and
shows its relationship to changes in demand from the racing cormnunity.
During the century the breeding
industry changed from the predominantly part-time activity of famlers,
racehorse trainers, innkeepers and
gentry to an activity increasingly donfinated by larger stud farms and
stud companies. Breeding could be
carried on through the keeping of both stallions and brood mares, and
changes and continuities are both
identified in temas of the key places where stallions were based, of
breeding costs in relation to stallions,
mares, yearlings and foals, of general stud organization, of the roles
of stud-grooms and stable grooms,
and of the selling of stock through private treaty and auction means.
Although conclusions are tentative,
it would appear that only a minority of studs made a profit; although
many others believed they had but
failed to take sufficient account of depreciation in their accounting
procedures.
John Stewart, The political economy of agrarian education: England in the late nineteenth century, pp 126-139
Abstract
Debates over the provision of education to the children of the
agricultural labouring class in the late
nineteenth century display concerns not only about education itself,
but also about such matters as labour
supply, and cultural and political change. Farmers in the eastern
countries in particular were, for example,
determined to resist any educational or labour measures which nfight
interrupt the supply of child labour
at times of peak demand, such as harvest. Education was also seen by
such farmers as an example of
'outside' interference in agricultural affairs. A measure such as the
I873 Agricultural Children Act therefore
proqides a useful focus for debates and concerns over agrarian change.
H D Clout, Rural revival in Marne, 1914-1930, pp 140-155
Abstract
In 1918 Reims stood in ruins and was surrounded by devastated
countryside. The impact of destruction
in Marne département may be classified into four
zones, of which
the 'red zone' was the most seriously
damaged. In wartime military forces and voluntary organizations, such
as the Quakers, worked to restore
farmland, repair buildings, and provide temporary shelters. Their
example was enmlated by the state's
special Sewices in the early years of peace. By 1921-22 this emergency
phase was overtaken by the
recovery phase in which attention was devoted to providing permanent
accommodation for returnees.
Cooperative reconstruction societies played an important role in this
activity. Villages and farmsteads were
repaired or completely rebuilt in more modem and hygienic fashion, but
the opportunity for radical
remodelling of the countryside was not seized. Damaged vineyards on the
Montagaae de Reims were
restored Rural landownership patterns were recreated in the pre-war
fashion; very little plot consolidation
occurred. Sections of the 'red zone' were too seriously devastated to
be brought back into cultivation,
despite protests from local farmers. Such areas were allocated for
military training. In many respects, rural
revival in Marne involved re-inventing the structures of the past
rather than fashioning a new future in
the countryside.
Malcolm Thick, Comment: Sir Hugh Plat and the chemistry of marling, pp 156-157
Michael Turner, Review article: common property and property in common, pp 158-162
V J Morris and D J Orton, List of books and pamphlets on agrarian history 1993, pp 163-167
Raine Morgan, Supplement to the bibliography of theses on British agrarian history: 1987-92, pp 168-185
John Broad, Conference report: spring conference 1994, pp
186-187
43.1 (1995)
Barry Harrison, Field
systems and demesne
farming on the Wiltshire
estates of Saint Swithun's Priory, Winchester, 1248-1340, pp
1-16
Abstract
Manorial compoti are used to describe the demesne agriculture of
Winchester Cathedral Priory on its
chalkland manors in Wihshire between I248 and I340. The demesnes are
found to have been operated
largely within the two-field systems of the viUs even where, at first
sight, the use of independent furlongs
seems to be suggested. The disadvantages of this system were partly
offset by the priory's near monopoly
of pasture, hay and timber resources, as well as by the absence of
sub-manors and freeholds. Nevertheless,
productivity is found to be low - although no lower than on other
demesnes in the same district - but
some evidence of intensification through the use of legumes and
relatively high stocking ratios has been
found for certain cereals on a few manors where market sale rather than
monastic supply was the main
object of arable farming
Abstract
Based on three long sets of farm accounts, this article examines the
records of hire of 130 male and female
servants to evaluate changes in contractual arrangements and in rates
and methods of payment, and to
consider commercial integration of hired labour and, by extension,
financial agreements between employer
and employee by assessing the nature and cost of items acquired by
workers and set against their wages.
The survey revealed distinct changes over time in the ways in which
workers were hired and paid,
apparent in the growing distinctions in the conditions offered to
individual workers and, significantly, to
male and female workers, suggesting that employers so